And occasionally we still find whales with the vestiges of tiny hind limbs.

并且我们偶尔仍能发现鲸鱼残留着微型后。

Eventually, their front limbs became flippers and their hind limbs became weak and unnecessary.

最终，它们的前变成了鳍状，而它们的后变得虚弱和多余。

Now, this can be a little confusing because both types have three claws on their hind limbs.

现在，这可能有点混乱，因为这两种类型树懒的后有三个爪子。

Snake embryos, for example, sprout hind limb buds.

比如说，蛇的胚胎萌发了后芽。

Birds only use their hind limbs, their legs, for walking on the ground.

鸟类只用它们的后， 它们的腿，在地行。

GAUTHIER: They certainly can't flap with their hind limbs.

高希尔：它们当然不能用后拍打。

We can't really make out exactly how the hind limb would have fit.

我们无法真正弄清楚后如何适合。

Another major category in differences in dinosaurs is in the hind limbs.

恐龙差异的另一个主要类别是后。

There is anatomically, simply put, no way that it could elevate the hind limb into a horizontal position.

简而言之，从解剖学角度来说，它不可能将后抬高到水平位置。

Early on it was thought that Hadrosaurus stood straight up on their hind limbs using their tails for support.

早期人们认为鸭嘴龙用尾巴支撑后直立。

JACQUES GAUTHIER: What's this dinosaur doing with these aerodynamic feathers coming off their hind limbs?

JACQUES GAUTHIER：这只恐龙用后脱落的空气动力羽毛做什么？

However, according to a 2006 study, they didn't completely lose their hind limbs until about 1 million years later, or 34 millions years ago.

然而，根据2006年的一项研究，它们直到约100万年后，也就是3400万年前才完全失去了后。

But if the hind limbs couldn't do the same thing, what did they do?

但如果后不能做同样的事情，它们会做什么呢？

To adapt to an aquatic lifestyle, Ichthyosaurs evolved paddle like front and hind limbs as well as a fin tail.

为了适应水生生活方式，鱼龙进化出了像桨一样的前后以及鳍状尾巴。

So we're articulating the whole hind limb from these elements, is that correct?

所以我们用这些元素来表达整个后，对吗？

If Microraptor couldn't splay its hind limbs, how did it use its leg feathers in flight?

如果小盗龙无法张开后，它是如何利用腿部羽毛来飞行的呢？

If you remember, I mentioned earlier, that the old view of hadrosaurs had them standing almost upright, on their hind limbs.

如果你还记得的话，我之前提到过，鸭嘴龙的旧观点认为它们几乎直立，用后站立。

Paleontologists have ruled out burrowing, though, because their forearms were too short and their hind limbs were too long for a burrower.

不过，古生物学家排除了挖洞的可能性，因为它们的前臂太短，后太长，不适合挖洞动物。

Assuming that Microraptor was a glider, they'll test the hind limbs in different postures to see what, if anything, works best.

假设小盗龙是滑翔机，他们将以不同的姿势测试后，看看哪种姿势效果最好。

And we did see about a 5 to 10 percent difference in the weights of the hind limbs in terms of muscle mass.

我们确实看到后的肌肉质量有约 5% 到 10% 的差异。